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Ether and chloroform were some of the first forms of inhaled general anesthesia used in medicine. Discovered in the 1840s, their widespread use began during the American Civil War. Chloroform was the preferred battlefield anesthesia as it was easy to use and fast-acting. By the end of the war, use of anesthesia was common practice for many physicians.

World War I provided a unique opportunity to apply some well-timed scientific advancements in blood transfusions on a massive scale. It was discovered that citrating blood prevented clotting, and allowed the blood to be stored for several days. Transfusions were rare in the beginning of the war, but by the end were widely used on the battlefront.

The use of mustard gas during WWI provided unforeseen developments in chemotherapy. Scientists discovered that mustard gas significantly reduced rapidly dividing white blood cells, and hypothesized that this could be applied to cancer cells. This was confirmed through animal testing, and later through human trials, carving a path for modern cancer therapies.

Development of penicillin occurred in the midst of World War II. British scientists worked tirelessly to isolate the compound from mold, knowing it could save thousands. After enlisting the help of American companies and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the conundrum of mass-producing penicillin was solved. By D-Day, millions of doses had been distributed to Allied troops.

The Vietnam war led to two main advances in burn care. The first was antiseptic/antibiotic-impregnated wound dressings, which reduced rates of infection. The second was improved fluid management, as loss of body fluids is a major concern with significant skin loss. Improved fluid management was also vital for healthy soldiers who weren鈥檛 used to the hot climate.

During the Korean War, the American military experimented with using helicopters for medical evacuation. In the Vietnam War, helicopter evacuation was implemented on a wide scale, significantly improving capabilities by reducing transportation time and improving outcomes. Today, helicopters remain as versatile air ambulances and use for civilians in trauma settings is common.

Major improvements in trauma care were developed during the Vietnam War, which serve as the benchmark for modern civilian emergency care. Shock resuscitation, thoracic needle decompression, and surgical opening of airways were employed in pre-hospital settings. EMTs and paramedics today frequently utilize these procedures while transporting patients to care centers.