The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on Monday , a carcinogen that kills tens of thousands of Americans every year but is still used in some chlorine bleach, brake pads, and other products.
The final rule marks a major expansion of EPA regulation under that overhauled regulations governing tens of thousands of toxic chemicals in everyday products, from household cleaners to clothing and furniture.
The new rule would ban chrysotile asbestos, the only ongoing use of asbestos in the U.S. The substance is found in products such as brake linings and gaskets and is used to manufacture chlorine bleach and sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda, including some that is used for water purification.
EPA Administrator Michael Regan called the final rule a major step to protect public health.
"With today's ban, EPA is finally slamming the door on a chemical so dangerous that it has been banned in over 50 countries," Regan said. "This historic ban is more than 30 years in the making, and it's thanks to amendments that Congress made in 2016 to fix the Toxic Substances Control Act," the main U.S. law governing use of chemicals.
Exposure to asbestos is known to cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, and other cancers, and it is linked to more than 40,000 deaths in the U.S. each year. Ending the ongoing uses of asbestos advances the goals of , a whole-of-government initiative to end cancer in the U.S., Regan said.
"The science is clear: Asbestos is a known carcinogen that has severe impacts on public health. This action is just the beginning as we work to protect all American families, workers, and communities from toxic chemicals," Regan said.
The 2016 law authorized new rules for tens of thousands of toxic chemicals found in everyday products, including substances such as asbestos and trichloroethylene that for decades have been known to cause cancer yet were largely unregulated under federal law. Known as the , the law was intended to clear up a hodgepodge of state rules governing chemicals and update the Toxic Substances Control Act [TSCA], a 1976 law that had remained unchanged for 40 years.
The EPA banned asbestos in 1989, but the rule was largely overturned by that weakened the EPA's authority under TSCA to address risks to human health from asbestos or other existing chemicals. The 2016 law required the EPA to evaluate chemicals and put in place protections against unreasonable risks.
Asbestos, which was once common in home insulation and other products, is banned in more than 50 countries, and its use in the U.S. has been declining for decades. The only form of asbestos known to be currently imported, processed, or distributed for use in the U.S. is chrysotile asbestos, which is imported primarily from Brazil and Russia. It is used by the chlor-alkali industry, which produces bleach, caustic soda, and other products.
Most consumer products that historically contained chrysotile asbestos have been discontinued.
While chlorine is a commonly used disinfectant in water treatment, there are only eight chlor-alkali plants in the U.S. that still use asbestos diaphragms to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The plants are mostly located in Louisiana and Texas.
The use of asbestos diaphragms has been declining and now accounts for less than one-third of the chlor-alkali production in the U.S., the EPA said.
The EPA rule will ban imports of asbestos for chlor-alkali as soon as the rule is published but will phase in prohibitions on chlor-alkali use over 5 or more years to provide what the agency called "a reasonable transition period."
A ban on most other uses of asbestos will go into effect in 2 years.
The National Association of Clean Water Agencies, which represents 350 publicly owned wastewater treatment agencies, said in a statement that it supports "EPA's efforts to move away from asbestos products" and will work with the agency to track implementation of the rule. The association warned before the final rule was announced that an immediate ban on asbestos would "almost certainly cause shortages and price increases for chlorine and other disinfection and treatment chemicals used by the water sector."
The American Chemistry Council, the chemical industry's largest lobbying group, said a 15-year transition period is needed to avoid a significant disruption of chlorine and sodium hydroxide supplies.
A ban on asbestos in oilfield brake blocks, aftermarket automotive brakes and linings, and other gaskets will take effect in 6 months.
The EPA rule allows asbestos-containing sheet gaskets to be used until 2037 at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina to ensure that safe disposal of nuclear materials can continue on schedule.
Scott Faber, senior vice president of the Environmental Working Group, an advocacy group that pushed to ban asbestos, hailed the EPA action.
"For too long, polluters have been allowed to make, use, and release toxics like asbestos and PFAS without regard for our health," Faber said. "Thanks to the leadership of the Biden EPA, those days are finally over."
Separately, the EPA is also evaluating so-called legacy uses of asbestos in older buildings, including schools and industrial sites, to determine possible public health risks. A final risk evaluation is expected by the end of the year.
Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.), said the U.S. was "finally starting to catch up" with the rest of the world on asbestos. "However, it cannot be the end of the road when it comes to phasing out other dangerous asbestos fibers," he said. "Congress has a role to play here when it comes to providing stronger protections for our health."